The striped okapi is often described as half-zebra, half-giraffe, as if it were a hybrid creature from a Greek legend. So rare is the okapi, that it was unknown to the western world until the turn of the 20th century.
While the okapi is virtually unheard of in the West, its image pervades life in the Democratic Republic of Congo — the only country in the world where it is found living in the wild — gracing cigarette packets, plastic water bottles, and even the back of rumpled Congolese Francs. The okapi is to the Congo what the giant panda is to China or the kangaroo to Australia.
Today, only 10,000 remain.
Three decades ago, an American scientist made it his life mission to protect this rare mammal by co-managing the Okapi Wildlife Reserve in eastern Congo. The reserve is roughly the size of Yellowstone National Park, in the United States, but that’s where the similarities end.
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve is among the most dangerous places on earth to visit.
Armed militia stalk the dirt roads, illegal gold and diamond mines operate with near impunity and ivory poachers are rife. Compounding matters, the region is currently battling the country’s worst Ebola outbreak to date.
This week, as the country accepts opposition candidate Felix Tshisekedi as winner of a disputed landmark election, the nation stands on a precipice.
The okapi’s fate, once again, rides on the country’s next move.
Welcome to Zaire
When 37-year-old John Lukas touched down in the capital of Kinshasa aboard a rickety cargo plane in the late 1980s, the Congo was a very different place to the one he navigates today.
This vast nation that spans two time zones had not a single road joining east to west. But under military dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, the flamboyant leader famed for his leopard-print hats, life was relatively stable, says Lukas. After independence from Belgium in 1960, hope was in the air.
“Under Mobutu, any person in the Congo could go anywhere safely,” he says. “You never felt threatened.”
A Florida-based zoology graduate, Lukas had been leading Big Game safaris in eastern and southern Africa for years, but there was one strange animal he had seen in American zoos and longed to admire in the wild.
About the size of a horse, the okapi is a close relative of the lanky and long-necked yellow giraffes we know today. “It is amazing biology,” says Lukas. The okapi can lick the back of its own neck with its 18-inch tongue, and its glossy coat feels like velvet. Most newborns of any species defecate within 12 hours of birth, says Lukas, but okapis hold their first stool for 60 days, to avoid giving leopards a scent to hunt. An okapi can twitch each ear independently.
Lukas was smitten.
In 1987, he arrived in Epulu — a seven-day overland journey from Goma, a city in the east — with a group of talented conservationists. In the 1980s, the Congo had an active Ministry of Environment serious about protecting the country’s natural bounty, and Lukas’ group worked with ministers to promote the country’s national animal. In 1992, the Okapi Reserve was officially recognized by the government.
Under Mobutu, this part of the Ituri Rainforest had been earmarked as a mineral reserve, to protect future mining opportunities. As a result, it was virtually free of development, providing the ideal habitat for the reclusive okapi.
“Our mission from the government was to … make Epulu known for the okapi. To let people see the animal,” says Lukas.
Felly Mwamba, a trader who was born and grew up in Kinshasa, explains that while everyone in the Congo knows what an okapi is, most people have never seen one in real life. “Many years ago, I saw one in Kinshasa Zoo,” Mwamba says. “But they aren’t there any more.”
That all came later.
An African donkey, I presume
The West got its first whiff of the okapi in 1890 when Welsh journalist Henry Morton Stanley had puzzled over a strange “African donkey” in his book.
After the British government declined to fund his exploration of the Congo, Stanley was approached by King Leopold II of Belgium, who was eager to exploit Africa’s wealth.
Using forced labor, Stanley oversaw the backbreaking construction of roads across the Congo, helping Leopold claim the territory as a private fiefdom.
Congo was 76 times the size of Belgium, and Leopold got rich off its ivory and vast rubber reserves without ever stepping foot there.
Scant investment was made in the Congo or its people, and by the time the Belgian government took control from Leopold in 1908, millions of Congolese had died or been mutilated: One particularly barbaric act saw locals who failed to meet their rubber quotas punished by having their hands chopped off.
In the early 20th century, the roads that rapacious colonization had built now ferried a trickle of adventurous visitors from the West across the territory. One such tropical tourist was Harvard-educated Patrick Putman, who in 1933 alighted in the eastern Congo and opened a small hotel and a roadside zoo in Epulu, where he lived with a succession of American and African wives. It was the first time okapis had been domesticated in Epulu.
An okapi’s tongue can be 18-inches long.
An okapi with a ranger at the reserve.
“They were a novelty to Western people,” says Lukas.
A remote paradise
“Once you were in, there was no communication with the outside world,” says Lukas. “You would write letters home and hopefully somebody wrote back.” Everything in the camp, from wire fencing to microscopes, had to be flown in to Epulu, a village located inside the rainforest but just outside the reserve.
Lukas split his time between Congo and Florida, where he drummed up dollars for the reserve and conducted ground-breaking scientific research. Using NASA-provided sound-boosting technology, his team gathered data that helped prove okapis communicate via infrasonic noises imperceptible to humans. “It’s quite dinosaur-like,” Lukas says.
But as the team’s work thrived, the Congo was becoming a shadow of a state.
The country had, once again, been robbed.
In 1997, while Mobutu was getting cancer treatment in Europe, Laurent Kabila marched into Kinshasa and took over the country. The coup divided the region.
Rwanda and Uganda sent anti-Kabila soldiers into the Congo, while Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe propped up the government. Millions of lives were lost, mostly from disease and hunger, and infrastructure in the east of the country was decimated.
Kabila was shot dead by his body guard half way through the war, and his son Joseph Kabila took power.
When the war ended in 2003, on a local level the state evaporated, says Berwouts. Hospitals were places people went to die, the state provided no education. “The state simply does not exist anymore,” he says. “Which leaves the field to armed actors.”
Guns, gold and grit
During those warring years, Lukas became something of a diplomat. “There were several rebel groups, as well as the Rwandan and Ugandan armies, and the Congolese government, fighting back and forth over territories in the eastern Congo,” Lukas says. “We’d be negotiating with whoever was in control for the safe passage for our workers.”
In 2003, Karl Ruf, N’lamba and Kambale Saambile, a rising star in the okapi project, had just struck such a deal with notorious war lord Jean-Pierre Bemba. On the drive home from the successful meeting, an out-of-control bus collided with their car on a mountain pass.
“In one blow, we lost our three top people,” says Lukas. Karl’s wife Rosmarie was in Switzerland. “It was a disaster,” she says. Rosmarie decided to take over her husband’s legacy and manage the reserve. “I knew I could not stop doing it,” she says. “My husband would be not happy if I left the Congo and gave up.”
More trouble was ahead.
As state institutions collapsed, the Congo’s population had boomed. There are an estimated 80 million people in the country, but the last census was in 1986. Today, the number is surely higher. Ruf says people increasingly began moving onto the reserve, either to practice slash-and-burn agriculture, poach or mine, putting okapis under threat.
The government deployed rangers to protect the area, and Lukas topped up their salary of $43 a month with bonuses for each collected snare or completed patrol.
Jean Paul Monga, 40, has been a ranger at the reserve since 2001. Ten years ago, he says, rangers might have encountered small groups of four or five poachers. “Today, you’ll find gangs of 30 or 40 people hunting inside the reserve,” he says. “They are determined. They want to get ivory and, if you come across them, they will open fire.”
A mine on the Okapi Reserve, as seen from aerial survey.
Gold (left) panned from an illegal mine in Ituri.
Closing down mines and poachers, however, is a delicate matter in an impoverished country where employment opportunities are virtually non-existent.
In 2012, the Okapi Wildlife Reserve experienced its worst attack, when armed rebels stormed the Epulu station. All 14 domestic okapi at the base died, buildings were torched and 100 people were kidnapped, the men used as porters, the women taken as wives.
The rebels thought the reserve was finished, says Rosmarie, but her team persisted.
“The beautiful places are now filled with armed groups who live beyond state control and only have that for feeding themselves,” Berwouts says.
Okapis have not been kept at the Epulu station since.
Democracy delayed
On December 30, 2018, Congo went to the polls. The national constitution stipulates a two-term presidential limit, and having overstayed by two years, Kabila was finally getting out the way of democracy. It was set to be the country’s first peaceful democratic transfer of power.
Lukas and Ruf waited out the drama from Florida and Switzerland, respectively. It was a landmark moment for the Congo. And it went awry.
“Kabila is very smart and he knows how to work the system,” says Lukas. “He wants to run again in 2023, and he wanted to keep the party in control.”
Lukas is determined to hold the line, waiting for an upturn in the Congo’s fortunes that has proved to be as elusive as the okapi.
He is plotting to expand his project to Maiko National Park to the south, where rebels are winning over conservation. “It’s a spectacular place with bongo antelope, okapis and gorillas,” he says. “Nobody can go there, it needs our help. I don’t have much time left, so I’m going to spend every moment making a difference.”
Meanwhile, the 50 cent note that okapis so gracefully decorate is now so worth little in the Congo’s devalued currency system that it is out of circulation.
Source : Nbcnewyork
