Even before a temporary truce between Israel and Hamas expired early on Friday, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had pledged to fight “until the end.” If Mr. Netanyahu makes good on his promises, the next phase of Israel’s offensive is expected to target southern Gaza, a complicated endeavor with competing factors at play.
Southern Gaza is where Israel believes Hamas’s top leadership is in hiding, but it is also where hundreds of thousands of Palestinians have taken refuge and where most of the remaining hostages taken from Israel are being held, according to a senior Israeli defense official.
During the week of relative quiet, the Biden administration has pushed Israel to carry out a more surgical campaign should the fighting resume in the south — a reality now that the cease-fire has collapsed. Now, as Israel restarts its campaign, which has already destroyed large portions of northern Gaza and killed thousands of civilians, American officials say the Israeli military may be more precise this time around.
A senior State Department official said on Friday that Israel was growing increasingly receptive to American entreaties to modify their war plans. As part of that shift, Israel was considering restricting combat operations in specific areas of Gaza to protect civilians, rather than attempt to move large numbers of people into a designated safe area.
But Israeli intentions were quickly put to the test on Friday as warplanes struck Khan Younis, the largest city in southern Gaza where hundreds of thousands of Gazans have sought shelter in recent weeks.
At the heart of the discussions between American and Israeli officials about how a campaign in the south might play out is the issue of displaced Gazans. U.S. officials say they want to avoid another significant displacement of civilians, many of whom have been without shelter, and have had only limited access to food and water, since the war began on Oct. 7.
Israeli officials said their intention was to evacuate Gazans from areas in the south that the Israeli military expects to target, although there were signs that they were rethinking that approach.
During its four-week ground operation, Israel destroyed some of Hamas’s military presence in the north, but destroyed infrastructure and homes there and killed thousands of Palestinians. Israel says it has killed around 5,000 Hamas fighters.
A campaign in the south means that hundreds of thousands of people could potentially be displaced again — some for the second time. On Friday, fliers bearing the insignia of the Israeli military landed in Gaza saying Khan Younis was a “dangerous combat zone.”
Israel began an immense air and ground campaign against Gaza after Hamas, which controls most of the territory, crossed into southern Israel on Oct. 7, killing about 1,200 people, the Israeli authorities say, and taking some 240 hostage. In the aftermath, around 150,000 people were displaced from their homes in Israel.
The Biden administration, facing pressure from some supporters over its broad support for Israel’s actions, has recently appeared to moderate its tone, especially around the civilian death toll.
On Thursday, Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken met with Mr. Netanyahu and sought to shape the expected next phase of Israeli attacks on Hamas, hoping to limit civilian casualties, protect facilities like hospitals and power plants, and ensure the flow of humanitarian aid into Gaza.
The United Nations says up to 1.8 million people in the Gaza Strip, or about 80 percent of the population, have been displaced. More than 60,000 buildings have been damaged or destroyed, satellite analysis indicates. A senior U.N. official said that the latest estimates indicate that up to 60 percent of buildings in the north have been destroyed.
Another senior U.S. official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive deliberations, said discussions with Israel had been focused on creating so-called deconfliction areas, where Gazans are largely already sheltered in the south.
Such places, the person said, would be in areas where the United Nations has shelters or adjacent areas where Israel would agree not to conduct any air or ground operations and where the delivery of humanitarian aid would be unimpeded.
Israel had been focused on the idea of establishing a “humanitarian zone” in Al-Mawasi, a narrow strip of agricultural land near the Mediterranean coast in southern Gaza, but a senior State Department official said Israel was backing away from that plan.
Israeli officials on Friday had not confirmed whether it had changed course, but on Wednesday suggested it still planned to use Al-Mawasi as a safe zone.
Instead, the Israeli military on Friday distributed a detailed map of the territory divided into scores of small districts that is intended to allow Palestinian residents to stay put until they are told by the Israeli military to “evacuate from specific places for their safety,” once Israeli forces identify certain areas.
The first senior State Department official cautioned that no location would be totally off-limits from Israeli military activity, for instance if a senior Hamas commander were to be located there.
The idea of “safe zones,” as was envisioned for Al-Mawasi, in Gaza is opposed by the United Nations. Last month, UNRWA, the U.N. agency that aids Palestinian refugees, wrote a letter to Israeli government officials rejecting Israel’s proposal of a safe zone in Al-Mawasi on the basis that any such zone can protect civilians “only if all parties to the conflict agree on the establishment of such a zone and agree to preserve and respect its civilian character.”
“We believe that the proposed zone under the prevalent conditions will create unacceptable harm for civilians including large scale loss of life,” the letter read.
Philippe Lazzarini, the head of UNRWA, reiterated that hospitals and schools — where many Gazans are sheltering — are protected under international humanitarian law. Israel has accused Hamas of carrying out militant activities from hospitals and using civilians as human shields, charges that Hamas denies.
Dozens of schools and hospitals have been damaged in the fighting. Some 218 people sheltering in U.N.- run schools have been killed, Secretary General António Guterres said on Wednesday.
Before the temporary truce, Israel urged Gazans to flee to the south in “humanitarian corridors” to avoid getting caught in the crossfire. But it also bombed southern parts of Gaza .
“At the beginning of the war, people had been asked to go from the north to the south because it was safe,” Mr. Lazzarini said in Jerusalem. The “reality is that people are also bombarded in the south.”
“So we have to be careful in not creating a false illusion of safety” he said. “I do not believe the answer is to ask: Please leave the existing place. Go somewhere else.”
The scale of Israel’s bombardment in northern Gaza appears in keeping with the strategy Israel deployed in previous rounds of fighting against Hamas, as well as with Hezbollah, the Lebanese militant group.
In its campaign against Hamas, Israel has relied heavily on air bombardments, with very large weapons, including 2,000-pound bombs that can flatten buildings.
Israel says it takes precautions to limit civilian casualties in a battle against what it calls a terrorist enemy, and casts the deaths of civilians in Gaza as a regrettable but unavoidable part of war.
Stephen Biddle, a professor at Columbia University, said any fight would involve difficult trade-offs. Israel’s stated goal of eradicating Hamas will inevitably mean civilian deaths.
“It’s impossible for them to do what they’ve announced as their war aim and not kill civilians in more than trivial quantities,” Professor Biddle said. “But there’s a big difference in how many civilians they kill as a function of how they behave.”
Reporting was contributed by Patrick Kingsley, Gabby Sobelman and Aaron Boxerman from Jerusalem, Edward Wong from Washington, and Michael Crowley from Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Source : Nytimes
